The
second signifying sub-ensemble begins in the form of an address - "vatsa"
meaning "child" - which is indicative of the extension of
the earlier proposition establishing a relation that exists or can exist
irrespective of blood ties. Kunti's address to Karna as "child"
is pre-emptive of the course of events to follow. The phrase - "Tora
Jiivanera Prathama Prabhaate" - "in the first dawn of your
life" - is a partial signifier which is further extended through
- "Paricaya Karaayechi Tore Vishva-Saathe" - "had acquainted
you with this world" - the word "parichoy" is very important
as the Bengali word reflects both acquaintance and identity which in
turn is indicative of the central problematic of the narrative. The
next two micro-units reflects the purpose of Kunti's visit, who leaving
behind all hesitation - "Laaja"/"lajja" - (something
which she wasn't able to do at the moment of his birth as a maiden-mother)
- had come to confer on him the truth of his identity - "parichoy".
The word "parichoy" is repeated twice in this sub-ensemble
to create the inner play that is so central in evoking the Bhaava that
reflects the psychic tension of the characters.
In
the translated text, the format is of a reply to the question that was
earlier asked regarding identity but the word itself never finds any
mention. The hesitation that Kunti has because of her sense of guilt
towards Karna and the responsibility of being the mother of not only
the Pandavas but also of Karna finds no resonance in the English version.
Rather a new notion is introduced in the phrase "with that light
you are worshipping" indicating the "setting sun" of
the earlier stanza. The co-relation of "Vishva" or "world"
and the dual notion of "parichoy" as both acquaintance and
identity are completely lost. The whole idea of unfolding as opposed
to a factual statement of identity makes the translation too direct
and the symbolic overtones and the poetic nuances of the Bengali version
are completely obliterated and along with it, the aesthetic rigour of
the portrayal.
The
third ensemble is an address to Kunti and the play of images is indicative
of the implications that the revelation had on him. In the first micro-ensemble,
he expresses the state of his consciousness and says that the rays from
her lowered eyelids seemed to stir his inner being just like the impact
the rays of the sun have on the snow-capped mountain peaks. In the next
micro-unit, he says that her voice seems to emanate from another world,
as if from his previous birth and arouses in him a strange melancholy
("Apuurva Vedanaa"). Therefore, the third micro-unit is a
proposition in extension, and it urges her to reveal to him how the
mystery of his birth is related to her, someone who is yet unknown to
him.
In
the translation, the introduction of the word "cause" changes
the whole ambience of signification as then what Karna is seeking to
do is to know merely the source of his "blind sadness" (which
is not quite an equivalent of "Apuurva Vedanaa ") that "may
well lie beyond the reach of my earlier memory". The notion of
previous birth ("Puurvajanma") again is not the same as "earlier"
(or even earliest) memory" but the obvious connotative and denotative
differences arise due to the specificity of the semantic field in which
a language operates within the material, historical forces that give
shape to a living or lived culture. The notion of "earlier memory"
is embedded in the Platonic idealist tradition that conceives of reality
in purely metaphysical terms as an abstraction and the material world
that appears as real is actually a reflection of the real that lies
embedded in the hidden depths of a mind that has swerved from the contemplation
of the real as ideal. But "purbajanma" or previous birth has
in its conception the idea of re-births that keep occurring on a physical/material
level till the "atman" or consciousness is free from the bondage
of the cycle of birth, death and re-birth. The idea of causality in
the translated text is therefore central while in the Bengali primary,
such an idea would be foreign to the idea of life being a continuous
cycle, and it is the freedom from this chain of events that leads to
"moksha" or liberation.
In
the fourth sub-ensemble, Kunti urges him to be patient for a while as
the Sun God is seen retiring for the day. She waits for the darkness
of the evening to condense further into the blackness of the night as
she is unable to reveal her true identity in the illumination of the
sun. Her "laj" (or "lajja" - 'sense of shame') prevents
her from speaking when there is still light and it is only in the pitch
darkness of the night that she is able to unfold the truth of her identity
as well as her relation to Karna.
In
the translated text, the notion of darkness is counter-pointed against
the "prying eyes of day" as the metaphoric resonance of "deb
Dibaakar" has a mythic relevance related to Karna's birth because
Kunti had tried to test the boon of her ability to conceive by engaging
the elemental forces and her first unconscious target was the Sun God
("deb Dibakar" - lord of the day). The result was the birth
of Karna when she was still a maiden and it is this that made her hesitate.
The English translation of this unit is not a disjunction but a shift
in meaning, which occurs not only due to the difference in cultural
contexts and a kind of pragmatism that might be there to suit the needs
of the target readership.
The
fifth sub-ensemble is a single-unit entity as Karna acknowledges with
surprise the identity of Kunti, the mother of Arjuna, his arch-opponent.
The semanteme "Arjunajananii" is a proposition that creates
a discord at the end of the first sequence of the narrative as it breaks
into the silent, meditative ambience of the earlier sub-ensembles initiating
the beginning of a disintegration of the inner psychic order.
The
second sequence has two signifying ensembles. The first ensemble
has eight sub-ensembles. Kunti answers Karna in the affirmative knowing
full well the implications inherent in the fact of being the mother
of Arjuna but that prompts her to make the further entreaty - "But
do not, therefore, hate me" [P. 304]. The reference to Arjuna as
"your antagonist" is to make it clear to the western audience
the relational axis between Karna and Arjuna as adversaries in the battle
of Kurukshetra that was fought between the Kauravas and Pandavas over
the throne of Hastinapura.
The
next few micro-ensembles recount all the painful moments that Kunti
as Karna's mother had to undergo. This makes her recall all the moments
of humiliation that Karna (Kaninputra - kumarigarbhajata) had to contend
with due to the unfortunate circumstances of his birth and upbringing.
The propositions in this unit are in the form of an elaborate "infix"
as it has connections with events that are yet to follow and in fact,
they prepare the ground for the final violence that is to take place.
The incident recounted is the day of the trial of arms in Hastinanagar
when Karna made his first entry. The attributes used to describe the
appearance of Karna is in relation to the first light of dawn and again
we witness how the symbolic matrix is enriched with the reference to
the sun as "Arun", indicating the radiant aspect of the sun.
The use of the word "Puurvaashaa" in [1. b] of this sequence
is interesting as it indicates a duality - the word means both "purba
dik" - "the eastern horizon" and "Puurvera Prati
Aashaa" - "past expectation" and in the translated text,
this whole unit is missing. The sorrow of Kunti too is expressed in
a series of images and in the translation, her speechlessness - "Vaakyahiinaa",
her unfortunate predicament - "Abhaaginii", her thirst for
the love of her child inducing an agony as intense as the sting of a
thousand snakes - "Atripta Snehakhudhaara Sahasra Naaginii Jaagaaye
Jarjara Vakkhe" is reduced to a single unit epithet "unhappy",
quite in keeping with the factual thrust of a literal discourse and
it thus fails to capture the psychic overtones of a mother forced to
conceal her identity and thereby conceal the fact of her motherhood
from her son due to the burden of tradition and the strictures of common
morality.
In
the third sub-ensemble, Kripa's intervention is recounted. It is who
has made Karna's humiliation complete: at the royal gathering, he has
asked him the name of his father. Realizing that Karna does not have
a royal parentage, Kripa claims that he has no right to fight with Arjuna
- "Raajakule Janma Nahe yaara / Arjunera Saathe Yuddhe Naahi Adhikaara".
The proposition made through the issue of "adhikar" or "right"
is central to the existential human condition of Karna and the reduction
of the whole concept of "royal birth" and "rights"
to merely "mean birth" is problematic. Further, the whole
notion of - " Aarakta Aanata Mukhe Naa Rahila VaaNii, / DaaMRaaye
Rahile, Sei Lajjaa-Aabhaakhaani / Dahila Yaahaara Vakkha Agnisama Teje
/ Ke Se Abhaaginii?" is lost in "You stood speechless, like
a thunder-cloud at sunset flashing with an agony of suppressed light."
Karna's face is "flushed" - (whether in shame or in anger
or both) is indicated by the word "arakta" followed by "anato
mukhe" - "lowered face" and hence his state of speechlessness
and the transfixed posture! Nowhere features the idea of "an agony
of suppressed light" and hence the state of "speechlessness"
and the only bhaava that emanates in the English translation is of concealed
or barely restrained anger which is hardly the way in which Karna is
presented in the Bengali version.
Duryodhana,
the usurper of the throne of Hastinapura is referred to by Kunti as
"DhanYa". She hails him as her son since he has retrieved
Karna from this situation of shame by declaring him the king of Anga,
a prominent province under the rule of the Kauravas. In the translation,
however, Tagore again tries to indicate a cause for Duryodhana's action
and states - "who perceived your worth" - and hence Kunti
is profuse in her praise of Duryodhana. There is again a problem in
the translated text because in the Bengali version Tagore is pre-occupied
with presenting only Kunti's agony at not being able to shield her child
from the fingers pointing to his birth. Kunti is not engaged in any
evaluation of Karna as she has come to him with a prayer in mind and
she wants him to grant it with all her heart. But the deviation in the
translation can be rationalized as the notions in the propositions "who
perceived your worth" and "thus winning the Kauravas a champion"
is to communicate the reason why and how Karna was fighting on the side
of the Kauravas as the Commander-in Chief in the battle of Kurukshetra.
In
the next micro-ensemble, Kunti recounts her moment of joy when Karna
places his crowned head at the feet of Adhiratha, the charioteer, his
father and seeing this, the Pandavas break into "jeering laughter".
The translation of "AbhiSeekasikta Shira LuTaaye CaraNe / Suutavriddhe
PraNamile PitrisambhaaSaNe" as "laid your crown at his feet"
communicates the central idea of humility but what it fails to indicate,
is the proud acknowledgement of the fatherhood of the old charioteer
by Karna. Again, placing the crown at one's feet is quite inadequate
as, in the western context, it is an act of surrender but in the open
court Karna is acknowledging with dignity his humble birth and parentage
that has no royal connection and he thus places his newly crowned head
on the feet of the old charioteer who has come to bless him, braving
the milling crowd, thereby making a silent statement of resistance against
the words of Kripa as mentioned earlier. It is this heroic humility
and the capacity for resistance that Kunti hails him for and feels proud
of begetting him and it thus acts as an "infix" to be elaborated
on later.