Some of these loan words assimilated in the language adapting to its phonological, morphological and grammatical systems.

     Technical terms are also created by adding additional senses or meanings to an already existing word, on the basis of national or conceptual similarity or by metaphorization, such as blood bank, eye bank etc. Sometimes technical concept alone is borrowed rather than the actual term and a new term is coined to express the concept.

     While standardization and internationalization is the guiding mission of some international agencies like UNESCO, and terminological banks there is an increasing trend in many languages of "enriching" their language by coining words from native languages.

     Technical terms are also formed by way of abstraction or extensions from general language. An example of abstraction are the terms "hill" and "mountain" in Geography. In general language these are relative words and quite often used as synonyms but not so in Geography, where both the terms are defined in terms of their projection above ground level. A hillock, hill and mountain are measured in terms of their ascending height, respectively.

     What should be the units of translation? Does scientific translation involve replacing words, or sentences, or paragraphs, or the entire discourse, the text as a whole. With the whole text in mind a technical translator has to work at various levels - the lexical, grammatical, syntactic and semantic and situational levels, simultaneously.

     The problems related to the lexical level are mainly those of matching words, phrases idioms or idiomatic phrases or proverbs. Finding translation equivalents of source language words, phrases, idioms or idiomatic phrases or proverbs. Finding translation equivalents of source language words or concepts need not always be easy. (1) one to one, (2) one to many and vice versa, (3) one to one correspondences.

     A technical term generally represents a concept and preferably a single concept. 'One term single concept' formula is an ideal strategy but unfortunately it is not the rule, more so in social sciences. This is because, most of the technical terms in general and social sciences in particular, are words drawn from general language. These words are technicalized by extending their meanings by a way of metaphorization or otherwise, to signify something technical. Metaphor is a favourite and perhaps the oldest method of creating new terms. Scientific language uses as much metaphor as the ordinary or general language. The device crane, both being used in different fields. Terms like blood bank, eye bank, question bank, came into being because of an extention and transfer of meaning of "bank" - a place where things-money etc., is deposited to be used in future when needed. The concept like "melting pot cultures" is also derived by way of metaphorization. Finding one-to-one correspondent equivalent of a source language concept in target language is often difficult, if not possible. Equivalent however does not mean identical. Two terms or words across two languages are equivalents only when they share both the denotative and the connotative meanings, if any, and their entire range of application. This is a rare possibility across cultures. Generally two seemingly equivalent words across languages do not share all the three components of meaning, either one has an extended or a restricted sense and their range of applications is not the same. So in translation or lexicography, what is designated as the target language equivalent word is not an absolute substitute of the source language item, but only a translation equivalent. Total equivalents across languages and total synonyms within a language are not possible. German Fleisch has two translation equivalents in English 'flesh' and 'meat', both having different denotations and range of applications. English words 'sheep' and 'mutton' are more restricted, having specialized range of application than French 'moutan'. Words of a language have peculiar associations or collocations are language specific. In English we can have 'meat curry' not 'flesh curry'. Again 'roast meat' and 'roast flesh' are not synonyms in English, they denote two different things. Similarly 'flesh coloured stockings' may be acceptable in English but not 'meat coloured stockings'.