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Post Graduate Diploma in Translation Studies

421.5.5: CONCLUSION      From what has been discussed above, it should be evident that there has been a very close contact among the languages belonging to all the families of India from the Vedic period. As the Indo-Aryans and the Dravidians had more developed cultures, it is obvious that their mutual contact will be stronger and more varied than that with the other stocks. However, the contact among different families had increased continuously leading to extreme convergence in some cases. Resultantly, the languages which were quite different lexically and structurally earlier have become so similar now. NOTE      In this paper [T, Th, D, Dh, R, L, S ] have been used for the voiceless unaspirated retroflex stop, the voiceless aspirated retroflex stop, the voiced unaspirated retroflex stop, the voiced aspirated retroflex stop, the unaspirated retroflex flap, the retroflex nasal, and the retroflex lateral, repectively. Then [E] has been for the half-open unrounded front vowel. 421.5.6: REFERENCES Andronov, M.S. 1977. Dravidian languages. Vijayawada: Visalandhra Publishing House. Bhattacharya, S. 1966. Some Munda etymologies. In: Studies in Comparative Austroasiatic Linguistics ed. by N.H. Zide. The Hague: Mouton. -------. 1975. Studies in Comparative Munda linguistics. Simla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. Burrow, T. and M.B. Emeneau. 1984. A Dravidian etymological Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press (2nd edition). Caldwell, R. 1976. A comparative grammar of the Drividian or South Indian family of languages. Madras: University of Madras (reprinted). Chatterji, S.K. 1970. The origin and development of the Bengali Language. London: George Allen & Unwin (reprint). Deshpande, M.M. and P.E. Hook (eds.). 1979. Aryan and non-Aryan in India. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan. Emeneau, M.B. 1956. India as a linguistic area. Language 32:1, 3- 16. ----------. 1980. Language and linguistic area. (Essays selected by A.S. Dil). Standford: Stanford University Press. ----------. And T. Burrow. 1962. Dravidian borrowing from Indo-Aryan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California. Jakobson, R. 1931. ?ber die phonologischen Sprachhnde. Travaux Du Cercle Linguist gue de Prague 4:234-40. Kuiper, F.B.J. 1948. Proto-Munda words in Sanskrit. Amsterdam: Verhandeling der Koninklijne Nederlandsche Academie van Wetenschappen. -----------. 1967. The genesis of a linguistic area. Indo-Iranian Journal 10:81-102. Masica, C.P. 1976. Defining a linguistic area: South Asia. Chicago, London: University of Chicago. Sin, N.M. 1981. Some mutual borrowings in Indo-Aryan and Indo- Tibetan. In: Suniti Kumar Chatterji Commemoration Volume. Burdwan: University of Burdwan. Subrahmanyam, P.S. 1984. Common Vocabulary in Dravidian. In: Seminar Papers in Common Core Vocabulary in Indian Languages ed. by M. Ramappa. Hyderabad: International Telugu Institute. Velten, H.V. 1943. The Nez Perce verb. Pacific Northwest Quarterly 34:271-292. Zograph, G.A. 1982. Languages of South Asia (tr. By G.L. Campbell). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Zvelebil, K.V. 1990. Dravidian linguistics: an introduction. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. Task Collect words for fifty basic vocabulary items like names of body-parts, pet animals, kinship terms, lower order numerals and another fifty cultural vocabulary items from at least three languages belonging to different languages families of India. Do you notice any similarities among them? If yes, then in what kind of vocabulary and why? Take data on two syntactic constructions like relative clauses, complements, absolutives from at least three languages belonging to different language families of India and see whether they are similar or different. In case, they are similar assume that originally one of the languages possessed each construction and the other two have converged with it, and try to find out which language possessed it originally. REVIEW QUESTIONS Discuss in detail the Dravidian influence on Indo-Aryan languages. What do you mean by translation area? Discuss in detail why South Asia is considered a translation area. 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