| 413.3.6.1.1: DICTIONARIES RESTRICTED TO
DIALECTS, PROFESSIONS, ETC. |
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| Under
this criterion the following types of dictionaries can
be listed:
(a) Dialect dictionaries. These dictionaries generally
give words which are restricted to a particular geographical
region -i.e. dialect area, and not used in standard
language.
e.g.
nallagondaa jillaa mandalika pada koosam (Srihari
1986)
(b) Dictionary of technical terms or glossaries
E.g.
English-Telugu Medical dictionary
(Venkataramana
Sarma 1965)
Consolidated Glossary
of Administrative Terms (English-Hindi)
(c) Dictionaries of special professions, arts and crafts
etc.
e.g.
Maandalika Vrttipada koosam
Volume
1 Agriculture. (Krishnamurti 1962)
(d) Dictionaries of slangs, jargons etc.
|
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| 413.3.6.1.2: DICTIONARIES RESTRICTED TO
THE FORMAL SHAPE OF THE LEXICAL UNITS |
| |
(a) Spelling or orthographical dictionaries,
(b) Pronunciation dictionaries,
(c) Word formation dictionaries (including dictionaries
of roots, verbs etc)
(d) Dictionaries of homonyms
(e) Dictionaries of paronyms [Paronyms are the words derived
from the same roots or from the same stem.
For example, beauty, beautiful, beauteous, etc. Sanskrit
Shabda manjarii (giving declensions) of
nouns and dhaatu manjarii (giving conjugations of verbs)
are good examples for dictionaries of paronyms]
(f) Grammatical Dictionaries
(g) Reverse dictionaries [Reverse dictionaries are those
in which the entry words- are arranged in the alphabetical
order of their final letters. Their earlier counterparts
are the rhyming dictionaries, prepared
as tools for poets]
(h) Dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms. Usually
big dictionaries give abbreviations used in that language
as appendices. |
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| 413.3.1.3: DICTIONARIES RESTRICTED TO
THE SEMANTIC ASPECTS OF THE LEXICAL UNITS. |
| |
(a)
Dictionary of synonyms, and
(b) Dictionary of
antonyms, etc. |
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| 413.3.6.1.4: DICTIONARIES BASED ON THE
COLLOCATIONAL VALUE OF THE LEXICAL UNITS. |
| |
1. Dictionaries of collocations [Collocation
means co-occurrence. Words show a tendency to co-occur
with particular words. For example
we cannot say 'I am digging a fan'. That means the verb
dig and the noun fan do not co-occur
or collocate. These dictionaries give usual collocations
of the lexical units. They are
useful for language teaching], and
2. Dictionaries of usages. |
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| 413.3.6.1.5: DICTIONARIES OF SPECIAL LEXICAL
UNITS |
| |
(a) Dictionaries of phrases,
(b) Dictionaries of Proverbs and idioms,
(c) Dictionaries of Neologism [These dictionaries present
new words introduced in the language, and the new
meanings acquired by the existing words. The addenda found
in some dictionaries is nearer to this
type of dictionary]
(d) Dictionaries of borrowed words. |
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| 413.3.6.1.6: OTHER TYPES OF SPECIAL DICTIONARIES
|
| |
(i) Exegetic dictionaries:
These are Dictionaries prepared for a particular author
or a text. Dictionary of
Shakespeare, the Dictionary of Pushkin,
Aandhra Mahaabhaarata Nighantuvu etc.
(ii) Concordances. These are also prepared for
a particular author or a t ext, while exegetic dictionaries
give the words and their meanings, the concordances give
all the occurrences of a particular
lexical unit. If a word occurs hundred times in a text,
all the hundred occurrences are systematically
quoted by giving sentences or lines where the particular
word actually occurs.
e.g. nannaya
pada prayoga koosamu
(Ramakrishnarao
and Venkatavadhani 1960)
(iii) Learners' Dictionaries (see 413.3.6.2.3.
below). |
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| 413.3.6.2: GENERAL OR NON-RESTRICTED DICTIONARIES |
| |
General dictionaries are of two types:
(i) Standard-descriptive dictionary or Academic dictionary,
and
(ii) Overall-descriptive dictionary.
|
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| 413.3.6.2.1: STANDARD DESCRIPTIVE OR ACADEMIC
DICTIONARY |
| |
| Standard-descriptive or academic dictionary
presents the lexical items available in the standard language.
The selection of entries is done from the literary works,
writings of science, arts etc, newspapers, magazines and
other written material which are considered to be representing
standard language. Users often consult this dictionary
for 'correct' forms, spellings and meanings, since this
dictionary presents the "words 'as it is expected
to be used". This "gives the standard descriptive
dictionary a certain normative character….".(Zgusta
1971:210) |
| |
| 413.3.6.2.3 : OVERALL-DESCRIPTIVE DICTIONARY |
| |
| The data presented in a standard-descriptive
dictionary "represents a self contained and homogenous
system" (Singh 1982:26). This is because the data
is drawn from written records representing the standard
language. The data presented in an overall-descriptive
dictionary is drawn from different heterogenous speech
groups. "The corpus includes not only literary texts
but also oral literature. It contains words of regional,
social and stylistic variations" (Singh 1982:26) |
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| 413.3.6.2.3: LEARNERS' DICTIONARY |
| |
| These dictionaries are designed to
serve as an aid for the learners of languages. Based
on the activity of languages learning, these dictionaries
can be of two types: (1) dictionaries meant for native
language learners and (2) dictionaries meant for foreign
language learners. Generally, but not exclusively the
term 'learners' dictionary' is used for the second type
of dictionaries. In other words, dictionaries meant
for the foreign language learners are normally referred
to as learners' dictionaries.
The learners' dictionaries are different from general
dictionaries meant for native speakers, since the problems
of foreign language learners are distinctly different
from that of native speakers.
The basic characteristics of learners' dictionary are
as follows:
(i) Learners' dictionary covers a
limited but carefully selected vocabulary items.
(ii) Learners' dictionary tends to focus
on the functional aspects of the lexical items.
(iii) A special treatment of culture-specific
vocabulary.
(iv) Illustrations get an important place in learners'
dictionaries. Illustrative examples for all types of
collocations are
presented (cf. Dictionaries of collocations 413.3.6.1.4).
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